Brief description -Post 5-introduction to structural steel

5-A solved problem for Load combination.

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A solved problem for Load combination.

A solved problem for load combination, problem 2.1 quoted from Prof.  SEGUI’s handbook we will discuss in this post. In which Dead load& floor live load & roof live load and snow load are given, it is required to estimate the load combinations.

But before the introduction of this solved problem, we will review the basics of the load combination and the different combination factors as follows. The first discussion will be on the LRFD coefficients.

LRFD basic combinations from 1-4.

What is the LRFD?

LRFD is the abbreviation for the load factor resistance design. The following description is for the combinations based on LRFD design.

The first combination is 1.4D, where D is the dead loads, dead moments, or Dead reactions. In that first case, the Dead load is the primary load without any other loads.

The second combination is 1.2D+1.6 L+0.50(Lr or S or R), where L is the live loads, live moments, or live load reactions. In that second case, the live load is the primary load with Dead loads, roof loads denoted by Lr, S snow, or R rain loads.

The factor of L, which is 1.60, is higher than the other factors. The third combination is 1.2D+1.6 (Lr or S or R)+(0.50L or 0.5W), where W is the wind loads, wind moments, or reactions due to wind.
The third combination (Lr or S or R) is the primary load.

The fourth combination is 1.2D+1.0W+0.50 (Lr or S or R)+f1L. ,  f1 can be considered as 1.0 or 0.50. It is taken as 1.00 for live loads that exceed 100 pounds per square foot, garages, and public assembly.
Other than that, it is taken as 0.50 if the live load does not exceed 100 PSF. In that fourth case, the wind W  is the primary load. We will move to the next slide, which contains combinations from 5 to 7.

Notes on LRFD combinations.

The fifth combination is 1.2D+1.0 E+f1L+0.20 S, f1 can be considered 1.0 or 0.50, similar to the fourth combination.  It is taken as 1.00 for live loads that exceed 100 pounds per square foot, garages, and public assembly.

Other than that, it is taken as 0.50 if the live load does not exceed 100 PSF. In that fifth case, the earthquake load E is the primary load. The sixth combination is 0.9D+1.0 W. No live loads or roof loads, Rain, or snow are considered.

The sixth combination is 0.9D+1.0 W the Wind load W  is the primary load.

The seventh combination is 0.9D+1.0 E. In that seventh case, the earthquake load E is the primary load.

AISC and ASCE load combination.

The corresponding AISC combinations are listed side by side and compared with ASCE 2010. For the combinations from 1 to 4.

LRFD design load combinations from 1-4.

The corresponding AISC combinations are listed side by side and compared with ASCE 2010. For the combinations from 5 to 7. The symbols used in the combinations are written.

LRFD design combinations 5-7.

Exceptions in ASCE-2010 For LRFD.

All the exceptions expressed in the ASCE 2010 are written for live loads, Snow loads, fluid loads, and earth loads.

LRFD design combinations 5-7.

Load combination in ASD.

We continue with the load combination for Nominal loads using allowable stress design, abbreviated as ASD. I put the corresponding load combinations for AISC for ASD from combinations 1 to 8.

Basic load combination for ASD.

Exceptions in ASCE-2010 For ASD.

All the exceptions expressed in the ASCE 2010 are written for Snow loads, wind loads, and specially reinforced masonry walls.

Exceptions in load combinations.

A Solved problem for Load combination-LRFD-part 1.

A column in the upper story of a building is subjected to the following loads:

Dead load: 109 kips compression. Floor live load: 46 kips compression. Roof live load: 19 kips compression. Snow load: 20 kips compression. It is required to determine the combination of LRFD and the corresponding factored loads.

A solved problem for load combination.

I have written the symbols D for dead load, L for live load, Lr for roof load, and S or snow load. If there is no public area or garages or the load value is<100psf, the reduction factor of 0.50 will be used for combinations 3&4 and 5.

The corresponding combination for the cases from  1 to 4 is shown in the slide. We note that for combinations 2&3& 4 since the S value which is =20 kips is larger than the value of lr which is 19 kips, the S value will be used in that combination.

The first combination is 1.40D=1.4*109 =152.6 kips.

The second combination is 1.2D+1.6 L+0.50(Lr or S or R), =1.2*109+1.6*46+0.50*20= 214.40 kips.

The third combination is 1.2D+1.6 (Lr or S or R)+(0.50L or 0.5W)=1.20*109+1.6*20+0.50*46= 194.8kips. L is bigger than W.

The fourth combination is 1.2D+1.0W+0.50 (Lr or S or R)+f1L =1.20*109+1.00*0+0.50(20)+0.50*46=1.2*190+33=163.80 kips.

A Solved problem for Load combination-LRFD-part 2.

The corresponding combination for the cases from 5 to 7 is shown in the slide.

The fifth combination is 1.2D+1.0 E+f1L+0.20 S

The last combination=1.2*109+0+0.546+0.20*20=157.80 kips.

A solved problem for load combination.

The sixth combination and seventh combinations do not apply since No E and W loads to counteract the effect of the D load.

for part c the controlling load combination factor is for combination Number 2 which will give the highest value. The maximum value =214.40 kips.

Part 2 of the solved problem.

For the second requirement, if the resistance factor Φ=0.90. what is the required nominal strength? We will adjust the term of Φ*Rn and let it be=Ru=214.40/0.90=238.22 kips.

The same solved problem for Load combination-ASD.

The corresponding combination for all the cases from 1 to 8 is shown in the slide based on ASD.

The first combination is D=109 kips. The second combination is D+L=109+46= 155 kips. The third combination is D+(Lr or S or R)=109+20= 129 kips. The fourth combination is D+0.75L+0.75 (Lr or S or R)=109+0.75*46+0.75*20=109+0.75*66=158.50 kips

The fifth combination is D+(0.60w or 0.70E)=109.0 kips. The sixth 6a combination is D+0.75*L+0.75(0.60w)+ 0.75 (Lr or S or R)=109+0.75*46+0+0.75*20=158.50 kips.

The sixth and seventh load combinations are not applicable since no W or E loads.

Part 3 of the solved problem.

We note that for combinations 3& 4, the S value of =20 kips is larger than the value of LR, which is 19 kips.

The S value will be used in those combinations. There are no values for wind earthquake load or rain. The maximum value or the R will be greater or equal to 158.80 kips.

The last requirement if the safety factor Ω =1.67. what is the required service load strength? We will adjust the term of (1/ Ω )Rn and let it be=R=158.801.67=264.70 kips.

Parts c and d for ASD design.

An extract from the ACI 318 from the LRFD load combination cases matches with the ASCE -7.

Table 5.3.1 for load combinations.

if you want to see the major changes between Cm#14 and CM#15 regarding the different grades of steel and their uses for steel elements and bars please refer to post 1A.

A very good reference is A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Engineering.

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